Inhibitors

Epigenetics

Inhibitors in the area of epigenetic research reveal not just fundamental gene regulation mechanisms, but also significant potential for developing novel therapeutic products.

Apoptosis

Apoptosis, a type of programmed cell demise, is a natural occurrence in multicellular organisms. Apoptosis inhibitors are proteins that, in particular, inhibit the intrinsic pathway and interfere with programmed cell death.

PI3K/Akt/mTOR

The cellular quiescence, proliferation, cancer, and longevity are directly influenced by the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, which is essential for regulating cell cycle regulation. PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors target the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling axis, showing promise in attenuating chemotherapy resistance.

Protein Tyrosine Kinases

The protein tyrosine kinases, comprising a vast multigene family, are especially pertinent to numerous human diseases, notably cancer. They catalyze tyrosine phosphorylation by transferring phosphate from ATP to tyrosine residues on protein substrates. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors disrupt protein kinase signal transduction pathways through various modes of inhibition.

Angiogenesis

Angiogenesis, the physiological process of generation of new blood vessels from old ones, plays a role in development, muscle hypertrophy, menstrual cycles, pregnancy, and wounds but also contributes to disease. Angiogenesis inhibitors interfere with various steps in the development of blood vessels in several ways.

MAPK

In the transmission of signals within mammalian cells, MAPKs play an important role. The cellular functions such as proliferation, differentiation, growth, and survival are significantly influenced by this pathway. MAPK inhibitors with complex regulatory mechanisms have been extensively used in cancer research.

JAK/Stat

Being pivotal in numerous essential cellular mechanisms, the JAK/STAT pathway serves as a swift membrane-to-nucleus signaling module, prompting the expression of pivotal mediators in cancer and inflammation. JAK/Stat inhibitors disrupt the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of Stat proteins.

Metabolism

A metabolic pathway, a series of chemical reactions coordinated by specific enzymes, turns one chemical into another. Inhibitors direct the progression of pathways by preventing binding to enzyme substrate.

Cell Cycle

Cell cycle inhibitors, by inhibiting the progression of the cell cycle through various mechanisms that induce an arrest at different stages and reduce both division rates and a number of active cells, interfere with cellular cycles.

DNA Damage

DNA damage plays a pivotal role in the mechanisms underlying aging and disease, spanning from birth defects and cancer to premature aging syndromes and specific neurological disorders. DNA damage inhibitors halt the growth and division of cancers with DNA repair defects.

Cytoskeletal Signaling

Mechanical support needed for cellular functions such as division and movement is also provided by the cytoskeleton, which plays an essential role in keeping cells shaped and organization. Abnormalities in the cytoskeleton, crucial for cellular processes, often lead to disease. Cytoskeletal inhibitors are small compounds that interact with either actin or tubulin.

Autophagy Signaling

Autophagy, an intracellular degradation system transporting cytoplasmic components to lysosomes, encompasses diverse physiological and pathophysiological roles, occasionally intricate. Autophagy inhibitors inhibit activity of autophagy and offer a way to regulate and study the function of autophagy in both cells and organisms.

Immunology & Inflammation

The inflammatory response is pivotal in immunity, triggering tissue damage and mobilizing the immune system. Immunology & inflammation inhibitors are used to dampen the immune system's reaction to damage, thereby lessening inflammation.

GPCR/G Protein

GPCRs are the largest group of membrane receptors in eukaryotes with a wide variety of functions, such as cell gates for various signals. These signals provide vital information about the presence or absence of basic resources and cellular communications in a cell's environment. GPCR/G inhibitors intervene in the function of G protein-coupled receptors in various ways, such as blocking the binding of receptors to ligands.

NF-kB/IkB

In response to a variety of stimuli, such as stress, infection, and toxins, NF-kB/IkB ligand complexes regulate DNA transcription, cytokine production, and cellular survival. Dysregulation of NF-kB/IkB is associated with cancer, inflammatory diseases, viral infections, and immune disorders, and it also influences synaptic plasticity and memory processes. We have numerous NF-kB/IkB pathway inhibitors that can be researched for many types of disorders.

TGF-β/Smad

The TGF-β superfamily signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, and development through ligand-induced receptor kinase oligomerization and subsequent phosphorylation of Smad proteins. TGF-β/Smad inhibitors intervene in the TGF-β signaling pathway in several ways, including inhibiting the production of TGF-β, its activity, the interaction between TGF-β ligands and their receptors, or the kinase activity of the TGF-β receptor.

Neuronal Signaling

In addition to its structure, function, and genetic and physiological functions, neuronal signal regulates the functioning of the central nervous system to understand neurological disorders. In the central nervous system (CNS), neurons and glia play an important role in information processing because of their different capacities for intracellular and intracellular signaling. Inhibitors that target neuronal signaling, can be studied for various CNS disorders.

Proteases

Proteases, also known as peptidases, hydrolyze peptide bonds in proteins and regulate other proteases directly through cleavage. Protease inhibitors are preventing polyproteins from breaking down into functional proteins.

Microbiology

Microbiology inhibitors are substances or compounds that target specific processes or components involved in the growth, replication, or spread of microorganisms or viruses.

Stem Cells/Wnt

Wnt signaling is implicated in regulating various stem cell types and potentially serves as a niche factor to sustain stem cells in a state of self-renewal. Stem cell/Wnt inhibitors target and suppress stem cell activity, particularly in cancer, potentially hindering tumor growth and recurrence.

Membrane Transporters-Ion Channels

In order to transport nutrients into organisms and cells, remove toxic compounds and waste from the body as well as regulate excitability in the nervous system, membrane transporters, and ion channels are vital. Membrane transporters-ion channel inhibitors disrupt the function of membrane proteins involved in the movement of ions and molecules across biological membranes.

Endocrinology-Hormones

The endocrine system comprises a complex network of glands tasked with the intricate process of producing and secreting hormones, pivotal for orchestrating a myriad of functions across the body's systems and organs. Endocrinology-hormone inhibitors interfere with hormone function or secretion within the endocrine system, potentially impacting a range of physiological processes governed by hormonal activity.

Transferases

Transferase inhibitors inhibit the activity of transferase enzymes, which are responsible for transferring functional groups from one molecule to another.

Ubiquitin

The ubiquitin system is crucial for maintaining protein balance and regulating proteins involved in various pathways like DNA repair, cell cycle, and signal transduction. When this system malfunctions, it can lead to diseases. Ubiquitin inhibitors block the process of ubiquitination, potentially preventing the attachment of ubiquitin to target proteins and interfering with various cellular processes regulated by ubiquitin-mediated signaling pathways.

PROTAC

PROTAC, a heterobi functional compound that consists of two active domains connected, is able to eliminate certain undesired proteins. PROTAC inhibitors function by inducing targeted intracellular proteolysis, unlike traditional inhibitors of enzymes.