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Cell Surface Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) Glycoengineering Service

What Is GAG?

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are linear and heterogeneous sulfated glycans. The structural composition of GAG is complex, but the polysaccharide backbone is made up of repeating simple disaccharide linkages consisting of alternating uronic acid (UA) and hexosamine units. In proteoglycans, one or more GAG chains (e.g., aggrecan) linked anywhere can be assembled with proteoglycan core proteins. GAGs are involved in a wide variety of physiological activities in the body of a living organism. GAGs are involved in a variety of physiological activities within the body, including protein-ligand binding, stimulation, and assembly, such as intracellular growth factor differentiation, chemokines, extracellular matrix components, proteases, protease inhibitors, and lipoprotein lipases. Indeed, GAG-protein interactions appear to be cell and tissue-specific and independent of specific proteoglycan core proteins for the covalent attachment of GAG chains. Therefore, understanding the GAG glycoengineering interactions at the molecular level will be the key to using this knowledge to prevent and treat disease.

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of GAG assembly on a proteoglycan core protein. (Zhang, 2010)

Cell Surface GAG Glycoengineering Service at CD BioGlyco

The complex substitution patterns that GAGs are capable of displaying allow a remarkably large repertoire of structural motifs for recognition by proteins at the cell surface and between cells. Therefore, an insight into the structure-activity relationship between GAG and cells is very necessary.

Heparan Sulfate (HS)

HS consists of characteristic repeats and a repeat disaccharide unit (GlcUAβ1-4 GlcNAcα1-4). CD BioGlyco provides HS modification and analysis services on cell surfaces. We mainly provide several glycosyltransferase modification services.

Chondroitin Sulfate (CS)

The CS is composed of alternatively linked glucuronic acid (GlcA) and N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc). CD BioGlyco provides a comprehensive CS-based cell surface glycoengineering service. We provide sulfation modification services at positions 4-O and 6-O on the cell surface glycosyl.

Dermatan Sulfate (DS)

The DS consists of a disaccharide unit of iodoconide acid (IdoA) and N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc). CD BioGlyco offers accurate modification and analytical services for DS on the cell surface. For example, we add different sulfation modifications to the C sites of GalNAc and other residues.

Keratan Sulfate (KS)

KS contains galactose and glucose, as well as acetyl and sulfate groups. CD BioGlyco mainly provides two glycosylation modifications, including L-fucose modifications and sialic acid modifications. In addition, we also change the sulfate motif by modification and then investigate the molecular mechanism.

Hyaluronic Acid (HA)

HA consists of the disaccharide repeat unit of sugar d-glucuronic acid and N-acetylglucuronic acid. We provide modification services through cell surface HA skeleton remodeling and non-reducing/reducing end modifications. Furthermore, we test the activity and stability after the modification.

At CD BioGlyco, we have a variety of methods applied to analyze the origin, structural characterization, biological activity, and potential application value of cell surface GAGs. For the connection of GAGs with other macromolecules, we provide technical support such as liquid chromatograph mass spectrometer (LC-MS), electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), and MSⁿ. Depending on the specific role, CD BioGlyco offers unique routes of analysis. Moreover, we offer the modification services of GAGs, including chemical modification in combination with other natural or synthetic polymers, enzymatic modification, etc. As modified GAG on cell surface exerts powerful functional properties, we further provide mechanistic research services.

Fig.2 The major types of GAGs glycoengineering service. (CD BioGlyco)

Applications of Cell Surface GAG Glycoengineering

In bone tissue engineering, GAGs are chemically modified and cross-linked or modified in combination with other natural or synthetic polymers in cell scaffolds to support cell adhesion and proliferation for efficient bone tissue regeneration.
GAG glycoengineering develops novel anti-inflammatory drugs by participating in the recruitment of leukocytes in blood vessels and facilitating their migration through endothelial cells into injured or infected tissues.
Cell surface GAG glycoengineering is used as dietary supplements and symptom-acting drugs by increasing the relative abundance of the intestinal flora, inhibiting the growth of pathogenic microorganisms, and promoting short-chain fatty acid production.
Modified cell surface GAG glycoengineering suppresses glucose production in insulin-resistant hepatocytes and is promising in developing diabetic drugs.

Advantages

Cell surface GAG glycoengineering services we provide have a short cycle time, efficient analysis, and precise modification services.
We offer a comprehensive range of cell surface GAG glycoengineering services on our Glycoengineering Platform and have many years of successful experience in this area.

CD BioGlyco focused on Cell Surface Glycoengineering research for many years, we provide high-quality Cell Surface Glycoengineering Technology and Cell Surface Glycoengineering Services, etc., the application of the most advanced instruments to give clients satisfactory and reliable results. If you are interested in our services, please feel free to contact us.

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