Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) are characteristic components of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria. LPS and its lipid A part stimulate the cells of the innate immune system through Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), which can recognize common pathogen-related molecular patterns (PAMP). Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) from Escherichia coli O111:B4 have been used for the stimulation of macrophages. They have been used for LPS preconditioning in mice.
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