The Functions of FAD

FAD is also known as active vitamin B₂ and riboflavin-5'-adenosine diphosphate. It is a redox coenzyme involved in important metabolic reactions. FAD is a more potent oxidant than NAD and NADP. By switching the redox state (FAD/FADH 2), transferring electrons from the flavoprotein to the electron transport chain, and participating in the electron transfer in the redox reaction catalyzed by the short-chain acyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase (SCAD). FAD has a role in regulating the biological activity of SCAD in vivo and in vitro. FAD is not only an essential general cofactor in a large number of important redox processes, but also participates in nucleotide synthesis, tRNA methylation, and protein folding. FAD is widely used as an electron carrier, protein cofactor, and even a precursor for the biosynthesis of other important molecules. Based on its wide range of biological functions, it is necessary to improve FAD production.

Fig.1 Chemical structure of riboflavin and its cofactors. (Mishanina & Kohen, 2015)

FAD Production Service at CD BioGlyco

CD BioGlyco is a professional nucleotide manufacturer, and we have first-class production technology and a professional scientific team. We formulate different experimental programs to meet the needs of clients (for research or industrial use). We are capable of providing efficient and reliable services to accelerate our clients' scientific research by shortening the project time. We offer the following production services:

• Enzymatic synthesis

• The synthesis process employs a bifunctional enzyme, Corynebacterium FAD synthetase, which combines the activities of riboflavin kinase and adenosyl transferase. We convert riboflavin to FAD by changing the reagent concentration and easily producing flavin nucleotide analogs from the riboflavin precursors.

• Genetic modulation

• Our approach, using the overexpression of ribB and two key genes involved in FID synthesis, significantly increases the intracellular FAD content by 167.4%. Subsequently, nicotinic oxidation of adenine dinucleotide (NADH) was coupled to NAD⁺ by farassella styrene monooxygenase to promote the cyclic regeneration of FAD.
• Under the control of a strongly constitutively expressed glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD) promoter, we produced FAD by replacing the ORF of FMN 1.

Fig.2 Pathways of the biosynthesis of FAD. (CD BioGlyco)

Applications of FAD

• FAD is applied to cardiovascular drug development.
• FAD acts as a precursor for the biosynthesis of electron carriers, protein cofactors, and even other important molecules.
• FAD can be used as small-molecule pharmacological chaperones.

Advantages

• Preventing the genetic inactivation of the competitive and degradation routes
• We provide a synthetic route with mild conditions, stability, and high yields.
• Our company uses precise control strategies for production services.

CD BioGlyco provides a variety of Nucleotide-based Production Services. Our company has high-quality production service and experienced technical personnel, providing the best and most efficient service for clients. If you would like to know more information, please feel free to contact us.