Overview of Nucleosides

Riboside is a compound made of base substances and pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) linked together, which is a general term for a class of glycosides. Nucleosides are generally colorless crystals, insoluble in common organic solvents, and soluble in hot water. Nucleosides are very important macromolecular substances, usually prepared as hydrolysis products of nucleic acids. In the nucleoside composition, the base part contains five structures: adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine, and uracil. Nucleoside derivatives can be obtained by modifying and reforming the structure of nucleosides. Nucleosides and their derivatives are widely used as antitumor and antiviral small molecule drugs, as well as basic building blocks and synthetic raw materials for nucleic acid drugs. In addition, nucleoside derivatives are also important raw materials for gene sequencing kits. Derivatization of nucleoside bases or sugar rings is a common strategy to enhance the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of nucleoside molecules, reduce immunogenicity, and improve the stability of nucleic acid drugs.

Fig.1 Chemical structure of five nucleosides. (CD BioGlyco)

Nucleoside-based Adenine Production Service at CD BioGlyco

Adenine is one of the important components of nucleosides and it has an irreplaceable role in biomedicine. Therefore, it is very important to study and analyze the production of adenine. At CD BioGlyco, we offer comprehensive nucleoside-based adenine production services for our clients.

• Chemical Synthesis
  The synthesis of adenine from nucleosides through chemical reactions is a common method. At CD BioGlyco, we produce adenine mainly from the following routes:
  
  • Modification of the ribose or base structure of nucleosides to produce adenine with high biological activity;
  • Synthesis of electrochemical intermediates by linking electrochemically active groups or molecules.
• Biosynthesis
  The second method offered by CD BioGlyco is the synthesis of adenine using microbial catalysis.
  
  • Combined chemical and enzymatic reaction method
    CD BioGlyco synthesizes adenine using enzymes as catalysts. In this process, we use the Michael addition reaction as the core to obtain adenine products by lipase catalysis in organic solvents.
  • Enzymatic Method
    In this method, we provide two routes, ab initio synthesis and remedial synthesis. In ab initio synthesis, we will go through two processes to produce adenine. We finally get the total yield of adenine can be more than 80%. In remedial synthesis, the enzyme will act directly on the reaction substrate, which is simple, environmentally friendly, and has high efficiency.
• Product structural characterization
  In addition to the synthesis of target substances, CD BioGlyco offers structural characterization of the products. We use IR, NMR, HPLC, MS, and elemental analysis to characterize the structure of the product to ensure its purity.

Fig.2 Production services offered by CD BioGlyco. (CD BioGlyco)

Applications

• Adenine is used in studies on the synthesis of antiviral drugs.
• Adenine could be used in clinical studies to control cancer cells.
• Adenine could be used in the development of electrochemical extension.

Advantages

• Production of adenine helps researchers delve deeper into its function in the medical field.
• Production of adenine helps to study the structure and application of adenosine nucleosides.

CD BioGlyco has an experienced nucleoside research and development chemistry team. We have successfully developed a range of methods for the production of nucleoside analogs, enabling the rapid and efficient synthesis and characterization of purine nucleoside analogs and their derivatives. If you are interested in our services, please do not hesitate to contact us.

Reference

• Su, P.; et al. Chemo-enzymatic synthesis of adenine substituted nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) analogs. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 2020, 115901-115912.